Calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite): light yellow calculi.Calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite): brown or black calculi.Rectangular prisms ( coffin lid-appearance ).UTI with urease-producing bacteria (e.g., Proteus mirabilis, S.Rounded rhomboids, rosettes, or needle-shaped.↓ Urine pH (acidic) and volume (often seen in desert climates).High cell turnover (e.g., leukemia, chemotherapy).Gout, hyperuricemia, and hyperuricosuria.Biconcave dumbbells or bipyramidal envelopes.
Associated with inflammatory bowel disease, i.e., ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease due to malabsorption.In addition, the analysis of passed stones may provide information to guide dietary changes and/or medical therapy (e.g., thiazide diuretics, urine alkalinization) that can prevent future stone formation. The most important preventive measure is adequate hydration. If spontaneous passage appears unlikely or fails because of the size or location of the stone, first-line urological interventions include shock wave lithotripsy, ureterorenoscopy, and, in patients with large kidney stones, percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
#Calculus of kidney trial#
Small stones that do not require urgent urological intervention can be managed with symptomatic treatment and a trial of medical expulsive therapy to promote spontaneous passage. Diagnostics include spiral CT without contrast and/or ultrasound of the abdomen and pelvis to detect the stone, as well as urinalysis to assess for concomitant urinary tract infection ( UTI) and serum BUN and creatinine to evaluate kidney function. Nephrolithiasis manifests as sudden-onset colicky flank pain that may radiate to the groin, testes, or labia, commonly called renal or ureteric colic, and it is usually associated with hematuria. Less common stones are composed of uric acid, struvite (due to infection with urease-producing bacteria), calcium phosphate, or cystine.
Urinary stones are most commonly composed of calcium oxalate. Risk factors include low fluid intake and high- sodium, high- purine, low- potassium diets, which can raise the calcium, uric acid, and oxalate levels in the urine and thereby promote stone formation. Nephrolithiasis encompasses the formation of all types of urinary calculi in the kidney, which may be deposited along the entire urogenital tract, from the renal pelvis to the urethra.
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